It sounds like you've tried a lot of the basic troubleshooting steps without success. One advanced method you could try is using the "bootrec.exe" tool which can repair boot configuration data and might resolve the "UNMOUNTABLE_BOOT_VOLUME" error. You can access this tool by booting from your Windows installation media, opening the command prompt, and running the following commands:
bootrec /fixmbr
bootrec /fixboot
bootrec /rebuildbcd
As for upgrading to a newer version of Windows, it might aid if your current system files are corrupted beyond repair, but it's generally better to fix the current issues before upgrading to avoid carrying over any problems.
You may also consider checking your hard drive's health with tools like CrystalDiskInfo or HDDScan. A failing hard drive could potentially cause this type of error as well.
Lastly, backing up your important data externally if possible would be advisable before proceeding with system repairs or updates to protect against data loss.